A–Z of economic indicators

A monthly survey indicator tracking whether South African manufacturing conditions are improving or weakening.

ADP Employment Change is a private estimate of changes in U.S. private-sector jobs based on payroll data from ADP.

A monthly survey-based gauge of whether activity in Australian industrial sectors is expanding or contracting.

Albania Balance of Trade measures the difference between the value of Albania’s goods exports and goods imports.

A monthly measure of Albania’s consumer-price inflation compared with the same month a year earlier, based on the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices.

Albania’s CPI inflation rate tracks changes in consumer prices using INSTAT’s Consumer Price Index. The release is watched for signals about purchasing power, monetary policy pressure and lek-denominated market expectations.

The Bank of Albania’s scheduled decision on its key monetary policy rate and accompanying policy communication.

Angola Inflation Rate MoM is the monthly change in Angola’s national consumer price index, a short-term measure of household price inflation.

Angola’s CPI annual inflation rate measures the year-over-year change in consumer prices using the National Consumer Price Index.

ANZ Business Confidence shows whether New Zealand firms are generally optimistic or pessimistic about business conditions. The headline figure is usually a net balance, meaning the share expecting improvement minus the share expecting deterioration.

A monthly percentage-change measure of Australian job advertisements, used as an early gauge of labour demand.

This is a weekly estimate of the change in U.S. crude oil inventories reported by the American Petroleum Institute. A positive number means stocks rose, while a negative number means stocks fell.

A monthly Armenian indicator that provides a timely broad view of changes in economic activity before fuller GDP data are available.

A quarterly measure of how Armenia's inflation-adjusted economic output changed from the same quarter a year earlier.

A monthly measure of changes in Armenia’s output across major industrial activities, commonly viewed against the same period a year earlier.

Armenia’s year-over-year consumer inflation rate, based on the national Consumer Price Index.

The scheduled decision in which Armenia's central bank sets its policy interest rates and explains the monetary-policy outlook.

A monthly measure of changes in prices received by Armenia’s industrial producers, with the YoY figure comparing a month with the same month a year earlier.

The overnight session driven by Tokyo, Sydney, Hong Kong and Singapore, typically quieter and range-bound.

A Colombian public holiday observed for the Assumption of Mary, relevant to traders because it can affect COP liquidity, settlement and local market hours.

ATR, or Average True Range, measures the average distance a market travels over a chosen number of periods, including gaps. It is a pure volatility reading with no directional bias. Traders use ATR to set stop distances that respect normal noise, to size positions consistently, and to judge whether current conditions are unusually quiet or unusually fast.

Ireland's August Bank Holiday is a public holiday on the first Monday in August that can affect local market operations and liquidity.

An annual underlying-inflation measure derived from Australia’s Consumer Price Index by excluding the most extreme component price movements.

Australia Building Approvals MoM tracks the monthly change in approved building work and is used as a leading indicator for future construction activity.

Australia Building Approvals YoY tracks the annual change in approved dwelling units and is used as an early signal of the housing construction pipeline.

A quarterly ABS measure of the real value of building and engineering construction completed in Australia.

Quarterly change in prices for merchandise exports shipped from Australia, a key terms-of-trade indicator.

Australia Home Loans QoQ measures the quarterly change in new home-loan commitments reported in the ABS Lending Indicators release.

Australia Housing Credit MoM measures the monthly change in outstanding credit used for housing. It shows whether housing-related borrowing is expanding or slowing from one month to the next.

Quarterly change in prices for merchandise imports landed in Australia, used to assess imported inflation pressure.

Australia Investment Lending for Homes measures new investor housing loan commitments reported in the ABS Lending Indicators release.

Australia Private Sector Credit tracks growth in credit provided to households and businesses by domestic financial institutions. The MoM version compares with the previous month, while the YoY version compares with the same month a year earlier.

Monthly change in Australian private-sector house approvals, an early signal of housing construction activity.

The RBA meeting minutes are a written record of the central bank’s latest monetary policy discussion. They help explain why policymakers made their interest-rate decision and what risks they considered.

A core inflation measure that removes unusually large price changes from Australia’s Consumer Price Index before calculating the average movement.

An underlying-inflation measure that identifies the weighted midpoint of monthly price changes across Australia’s CPI basket.

Weighted Median CPI is an underlying-inflation measure that focuses on the price change affecting the middle of the household expenditure basket after components are ranked and weighted.

This is an auction of an Austrian Treasury Bill that matures on 2027-01-28. The auction result shows the price or yield at which Austria raised short-term euro funding for that bill.

This is an auction of short-term bills issued by the Republic of Austria. Investors bid for the bills, and the results show the government’s short-term funding cost and demand for the paper.

Mexico Auto Production Year-over-Year tracks the annual percentage change in light-vehicle output reported by INEGI, giving traders a timely view of a key manufacturing and export-linked sector.

A monthly measure of Japanese wage growth based on average cash pay received by regular employees compared with a year earlier.

U.S. Average Hourly Earnings MoM tracks the monthly change in average hourly pay for private nonfarm employees and is a key wage-pressure component of the monthly jobs report.

U.S. Average Hourly Earnings YoY tracks annual growth in average hourly pay for private nonfarm payroll employees and is widely watched as a wage-inflation indicator.

Testing a set of rules against historical price data to see how it would have performed.

Bahrain’s GDP growth rate shows the annual change in the country’s economic output and is used to assess broad economic momentum.

Bahrain's Consumer Price Index measures changes in the prices paid by households for a basket of consumer goods and services. Its year-on-year change is commonly described as the inflation rate.

A weekly measure of active U.S. oil-directed drilling rigs published by Baker Hughes and used as a timely gauge of upstream oil-sector activity.

A weekly Baker Hughes measure of active U.S. drilling rigs, covering oil, gas and miscellaneous rigs.

Bangladesh’s CPI inflation rate tracks changes in household consumer prices and is a key gauge of domestic price pressure.

The detailed minutes from Brazil’s Monetary Policy Committee, explaining the reasoning behind the Selic rate decision and the committee’s assessment of inflation and economic risks.

A weekly Banco Central do Brasil publication summarizing market expectations for Brazil’s inflation, activity, exchange rate and policy-rate outlook.

A candle that closes below its open — sellers finished the period in control.

Belarus Industrial Production tracks changes in the volume of output generated by the country’s industrial sector, including manufacturing, mining and utilities-related activities.

Belarus CPI inflation year-over-year tracks the annual change in consumer prices paid by households and is a key gauge of domestic price pressure.

An auction of Belgium's long-term government bond maturing in 2045.

An auction through which Belgium issues OLO linear bonds, its benchmark-style sovereign debt instruments.

A maturity-specific auction of Belgium's government bond due in 2036.

The Belgium Medium Treasury Certificate Auction is a sale of short-term Belgian government bills in the middle maturity bucket of the Treasury Certificate calendar.

A quarterly survey asking professional market participants what they expect for the Canadian economy, interest rates and financial markets.

A Bank of Japan Deputy Governor Ryozo Himino speech that may provide context on Japan's economy, inflation, and monetary-policy thinking.

Bank of Japan JGB purchases are central-bank operations in which the BoJ buys Japanese government bonds to implement policy and influence liquidity conditions in the bond market.

The official minutes of Bank of Japan monetary policy meetings, used to understand the Policy Board’s discussion and policy reasoning.

Bolivian Independence Day is a national public holiday observed on August 6, marking Bolivia’s declaration of independence in 1825.

Bollinger Bands are a volatility indicator made up of a moving average with upper and lower bands that expand and contract as market volatility changes. They help traders judge whether price is becoming stretched, identify volatility changes, and support both trend-following and mean reversion analysis.

An overview of Bosnia and Herzegovina's headline consumer inflation measure and its year-on-year reading.

The Consumer Price Index measures changes in the prices households pay for a basket of everyday goods and services.

Botswana’s month-over-month inflation rate tracks the monthly change in consumer prices using the national Consumer Price Index.

Botswana’s CPI annual inflation rate measures the year-over-year change in consumer prices for goods and services purchased by households.

The Bank of Botswana's Monetary Policy Committee decision on the Monetary Policy Rate (MoPR).

Brazil Current Account shows the country’s balance with the rest of the world for trade, services, income and transfers. A deficit means Brazil paid more abroad on these items than it received during the period.

Brazil Foreign Direct Investment tracks net direct investment flows from foreign investors into Brazil. It covers longer-term investment links such as equity stakes, reinvested earnings and intercompany lending.

A monthly Banco Central do Brasil indicator that tracks Brazilian economic activity and is commonly used as a timely proxy for GDP trends.

Brazil IGP-10 Inflation MoM tracks the monthly change in FGV IBRE's broad General Price Index - 10, combining producer, consumer and construction-cost prices.

Brazil IPCA-15 is an early monthly reading of consumer price inflation in Brazil. It tracks how prices paid by households change during a mid-month collection window rather than the full calendar month.

A monthly meeting of Brazil’s National Monetary Council, which sets broad monetary, credit and financial-system policy guidelines.

A monthly private-sector gauge of annual growth in UK retail sales, produced by the British Retail Consortium with KPMG.

Measures how prices are changing for commonly purchased food and non-food products in UK shops.

A breakout occurs when price moves decisively beyond a defined level such as a range high, trendline or consolidation boundary. It signals that the balance between buyers and sellers has shifted and can start a sustained move. Breakouts also fail often, so traders look for confirmation through follow-through, expanding range and a successful retest of the broken level.

A monthly year-to-date measure of the French state budget position, comparing central-government revenues and spending.

United States Building Permits track authorizations for new privately owned residential housing units and are used as a forward-looking gauge of future homebuilding activity.

Bulgaria construction output year-over-year tracks the annual change in construction production and provides a timely signal of building and infrastructure activity.

A monthly balance-of-payments measure of Bulgaria’s transactions in goods, services, income and transfers with the rest of the world.

Bulgaria Industrial Production tracks changes in industrial output across manufacturing, mining and utilities, offering a timely view of the country’s goods-producing economy.

Bulgaria’s CPI inflation rate month-over-month measures the monthly change in household consumer prices and is the country’s national CPI-based measure of short-term inflation momentum.

Bulgaria’s year-over-year CPI inflation rate measures the annual change in consumer prices paid by households and is a key gauge of price pressure in the Bulgarian economy.

A candle that closes above its open — buyers finished the period in control.

The Bundesbank Monthly Report is a regular publication from Germany’s central bank. It discusses economic, financial and monetary-policy topics relevant to Germany and the wider euro area.

Business confidence tracks firms’ survey-based views of current conditions and near-term economic prospects.

The BusinessNZ PMI is a monthly survey of New Zealand manufacturing conditions and an early signal of whether the sector is expanding or contracting.

A Government of Canada sale of 10-year nominal bonds that reveals the yield and demand achieved in the auction.

Canada Average Hourly Wages YoY tracks annual wage growth for employees in the Labour Force Survey and helps traders assess labour-market tightness and inflation pressure.

Canada CPI-median YoY is a Bank of Canada preferred core inflation measure showing the year-over-year change in the weighted median price movement within the CPI basket.

Canada CPI-trim Year-over-Year is a Bank of Canada preferred core inflation measure that excludes the most extreme CPI component price changes and tracks the annual pace of underlying inflation.

A monthly Statistics Canada measure of net foreign investment in Canadian securities, used to gauge overseas demand for Canadian financial assets and potential CAD-relevant capital flows.

Canada Full-Time Employment Change tracks the monthly change in full-time employment in Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey.

A quarterly, annualized measure of growth in Canada’s real expenditure-based gross domestic product.

An early monthly estimate of the change in the value of goods sold by Canadian manufacturers.

A monthly measure of changes in Canadian builders' selling prices for comparable newly built homes.

Canada Part-Time Employment Change tracks the monthly change in the number of Canadians working part-time, using Labour Force Survey data.

A single bar on a candlestick chart showing the open, high, low and close for one period.

The price at which a candle finishes its period — the standard evidence that a move is genuine, not a spike.

A monthly measure of how prices paid by households in Cabo Verde have changed since the previous month.

The year-on-year change in Cabo Verde's Consumer Price Index, measuring how consumer prices compare with the same month a year earlier.

The Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index measures how U.S. consumers feel about current and future economic conditions. It is based on survey questions about business conditions, jobs and household income expectations.

A CBI survey of UK retail, wholesale and motor-trade businesses that offers an early view of sales and wider distribution-sector conditions.

A monthly CBI survey indicator showing whether UK manufacturers' total order books are above or below normal.

A central bank manages monetary policy and supports the stability of a country or currency area’s financial system.

A monthly survey of Canadian small-business confidence and operating conditions.

A monthly U.S. private-sector report tracking employers’ announced job cuts, used as an early signal of labor-market stress.

Entering a trade late, after the move has already run, because you do not want to miss it.

A monthly composite indicator of broad U.S. economic activity and related inflation pressure.

A monthly survey-based gauge of business conditions in the Chicago area, also known as the Chicago Business Barometer.

This is the Central Bank of Chile’s decision on its main interest rate. The rate influences borrowing costs across the Chilean economy and is used to help keep inflation near the bank’s target.

China’s monthly benchmark reference rate for one-year bank lending.

A qualitative Chinese policy event watched for signals on growth, fiscal support, monetary conditions and reform priorities.

China FDI (YTD) YoY tracks the year-on-year change in cumulative foreign direct investment actually used in mainland China, as reported by the Ministry of Commerce.

China Fixed Asset Investment YTD YoY tracks the cumulative annual growth rate of spending on fixed assets such as infrastructure, manufacturing capacity and real estate development projects.

China's longer-term Loan Prime Rate is a monthly benchmark for bank lending, with particular relevance to mortgages and other loans extending beyond five years.

China NBS General PMI is a broad survey indicator of overall business output across manufacturing and non-manufacturing activity. Readings above 50 generally suggest overall expansion, while readings below 50 suggest contraction.

China NBS Manufacturing PMI is an official survey measure of conditions in China’s manufacturing sector. A reading above 50 generally indicates expansion, while a reading below 50 indicates contraction.

China NBS Non-Manufacturing PMI is a survey-based measure of activity in China’s services and construction sectors. Readings above 50 generally signal expansion, while readings below 50 signal contraction.

China New Yuan Loans tracks new renminbi-denominated lending and is used as a gauge of credit creation and financing conditions in China.

Canada's Civic Holiday is an early-August holiday that can reduce local participation and affect Canadian market operations.

The trades with the clearest conditions: an obvious level, a readable market and no imminent event about to change everything.

When one side is plainly in control: price makes progress one way and pullbacks are shallow.

The Czech National Bank Interest Rate Decision is the CNB Bank Board’s monetary-policy announcement for the Czech koruna economy, focused on key policy rates such as the two-week repo rate.

The RBA Index of Commodity Prices YoY tracks annual changes in prices for major Australian export commodities, a key input for terms-of-trade and AUD analysis.

Observable evidence, defined in advance, that a setup is doing what you expected before you commit.

Several independent reasons pointing at the same level or direction at once.

A pause in which price moves tightly sideways, often after a strong move, while the market absorbs it.

U.S. Construction Spending tracks the monthly value of construction work put in place and is used as a signal of building activity and investment momentum.

Price resuming its existing direction after a pause or pullback.

How strongly the evidence supports a trade — and, separately, how committed the market itself looks.

A monthly U.S. measure of underlying consumer-price inflation based on personal consumption expenditures, excluding food and energy.

A U.S. measure of underlying consumer inflation that excludes food and energy prices.

Correlation describes how closely two markets or currency pairs tend to move in relation to each other.

CPI (Common) MoM tracks the month-on-month change in a harmonised measure of underlying consumer inflation, designed to be comparable across regions and less distorted by temporary price shocks.

Canada CPI-common YoY is a core inflation measure that estimates the common, broad-based component of annual price growth across the Canadian CPI basket.

A Croatian public holiday on 5 August commemorating the 1995 Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian Defenders.

This is a monthly Dallas Fed survey of service-sector businesses in Texas. It asks firms whether activity such as revenue, employment, prices and general business conditions improved, worsened or stayed the same from the prior month.

The Dallas Fed Services Revenues Index measures whether Texas service-sector firms report higher or lower revenue than in the previous month. It is a monthly regional survey of service businesses.

This is a public holiday marking the Democratic Republic of the Congo's independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960. It is not an economic data release.

This measures the share of Denmark’s labour force that is registered as unemployed. It is a monthly indicator of labour-market slack based on administrative registrations.

Trading with a framework of rules but leaving the final judgement to the trader.

Dovish describes a central bank stance that leans towards looser policy: lower interest rates, continued stimulus, and greater concern for growth and employment than for inflation. Dovish language typically weakens the currency, since lower expected returns make it less attractive to hold, and it often supports equities and gold at the same time.

Drawdown is the fall from an account's peak value to its subsequent low, expressed in money or as a percentage. It measures the pain of a losing run rather than the final result. A 20% drawdown needs a 25% gain to recover, and the deeper it goes the harder recovery becomes, which is why controlling drawdown matters more than chasing returns.

A monthly U.S. measure of new orders for long-lasting manufactured goods that excludes transportation equipment.

A scheduled public address by Piero Cipollone, a member of the European Central Bank's Executive Board.

A monthly survey measure of how euro area consumers expect inflation to develop, with the commonly followed headline covering the next 12 months.

The ECB Forum on Central Banking is an annual European Central Bank conference, not a regular numeric data release. It brings central bankers, economists and market participants together to discuss monetary policy and major economic issues.

A public speech or appearance by Philip R. Lane of the European Central Bank, watched for signals about euro-area monetary policy and economic conditions.

A delayed summary of the discussion and reasoning behind the ECB Governing Council's monetary policy decisions.

Public remarks by the President of the European Central Bank that may provide context on the euro-area economy and monetary policy.

A scheduled public communication by ECB Executive Board member Isabel Schnabel that markets may use to reassess the euro-area monetary-policy outlook.

An economic calendar lists scheduled data releases and events that may affect financial markets.

A monthly European Commission survey composite that tracks confidence among businesses and consumers across the EU and euro area.

A measure of Ecuador’s merchandise exports minus its merchandise imports.

Ecuador’s CPI annual inflation rate measures the year-over-year change in consumer prices paid by urban households, using the Consumer Price Index published by INEC.

Ecuador’s National Independence Day is observed on August 10 and is mainly relevant to traders as a holiday and market-schedule event.

Egypt’s year-over-year core inflation rate tracks the annual change in underlying consumer-price pressure after excluding selected volatile or regulated items from the headline CPI basket.

Egypt’s month-over-month inflation rate tracks the monthly change in the headline consumer price index published by CAPMAS.

Egypt's CPI annual inflation rate tracks the year-over-year change in headline consumer prices and is a key measure of household price pressure.

Egypt M2 Money Supply YoY tracks the annual growth of broad money, a measure of liquidity in the Egyptian economy.

A weekly measure of how U.S. crude oil import volumes changed from the prior week in the EIA Weekly Petroleum Status Report.

A weekly EIA measure of the change in U.S. commercial crude oil inventories, widely watched for short-term signals about oil-market supply and demand balance.

A weekly measure of the change in crude oil inventories held at Cushing, Oklahoma, the delivery point for NYMEX WTI crude oil futures.

A weekly EIA measure of U.S. refinery output of distillate fuel oil, including diesel and heating-oil-type products.

A weekly EIA measure of the build or draw in U.S. distillate fuel oil inventories, covering diesel and heating-oil-type products.

A weekly measure of the change in U.S. gasoline output reported through the EIA Weekly Petroleum Status Report.

A weekly measure of the change in U.S. total motor gasoline inventories reported by the Energy Information Administration.

A weekly measure of the change in U.S. heating-oil inventories, reported as part of the EIA petroleum data release.

A weekly measure of the change in working natural-gas inventories held in underground storage in the United States.

A weekly EIA measure of the change in crude oil processed by U.S. refineries, used to assess refinery demand and petroleum supply balances.

A monthly estimate of the number of people aged 15–74 who are employed in Sweden, published in Statistics Sweden's Labour Force Surveys.

Canada Employment Change measures the monthly change in the number of employed people, based on Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey.

The point at which you open a position — chosen in advance, with a defined trigger and invalidation.

The checklist of conditions that must all be true before you are allowed to enter.

The single, specific event that turns a watched setup into a live trade.

This measures changes in the inflation-adjusted volume of sales by retail trade enterprises in Estonia. It shows whether households and other shoppers are buying more or fewer goods in real terms.

Ethiopia’s CPI inflation rate year-over-year measures the annual percentage change in consumer prices using the national Consumer Price Index.

A monthly measure of the euro area's transactions with the rest of the world, reported on a calendar- and seasonally-adjusted basis.

A quarterly Eurostat measure of how total employment in the euro area has changed from the same quarter a year earlier.

A monthly survey measure of how euro-area manufacturers view current and expected business conditions.

A quarterly ECB measure of the annual change in wages agreed through collective pay arrangements in the euro area.

A monthly European Commission survey measure of confidence among euro-area service businesses.

A European Commission auction of one-year EU-Bills, watched for short-term euro funding conditions and demand for EU supranational debt.

A monthly ZEW survey indicator showing financial-market experts’ six-month economic expectations for the eurozone.

A monthly measure of completed sales of previously owned U.S. homes, widely used to track resale housing demand.

The conditions that close a trade, whether it is winning or losing.

The average amount you can expect to win or lose per trade over a large sample.

U.S. Factory Orders ex Transportation tracks manufacturers' new orders after removing the volatile transportation category, giving a clearer read on broader factory demand.

A move beyond a level that fails and returns inside, trapping traders who acted on the initial break.

Public remarks by Richmond Fed President Tom Barkin can give traders insight into one Federal Reserve policymaker's views on growth, inflation and interest rates.

A public speech by the Chair of the Federal Reserve that can provide context on the U.S. economic outlook and monetary policy.

Public remarks by Federal Reserve Governor Lisa D. Cook that may provide insight into economic assessment, financial conditions or policy thinking.

A Fed Hammack speech is a public appearance by Cleveland Fed President Beth M. Hammack that may provide insight into her views on the economy, financial conditions and monetary policy.

Public remarks by St. Louis Fed President Alberto Musalem that traders monitor for clues about U.S. monetary-policy thinking.

A scheduled speech or public appearance by Cheryl Venable, interim president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, watched for potential signals about the U.S. economy and Federal Reserve policy outlook.

A monthly FGV IBRE survey-based measure of Brazilian households' views on their finances and the economy.

The FHFA House Price Index tracks changes in U.S. single-family home prices. It helps show whether home values are rising or falling across the country.

A Fiji public holiday for Prophet Mohammed's Birthday, also called Milad-un-Nabi.

This is a monthly estimate of how Finland’s overall economic output changed from a year earlier after adjusting for working-day effects. It is often watched as a timely proxy for the direction of GDP before fuller national accounts are available.

An auction of Republic of Finland Treasury Bills, which are short-term Finnish government debt securities.

The sharp, immediate move in the seconds after a release or a level breaks — usually the least reliable part of the whole move.

The detailed account of a Federal Open Market Committee meeting, published by the Federal Reserve after the policy decision.

Canadian Purchases of Foreign Securities tracks net portfolio investment by Canadian residents in securities issued abroad.

A retail-positioning sentiment gauge showing the long-versus-short split for selected currency pairs among reporting community accounts.

Running a strategy on live, unseen price data before committing real money to it.

An auction of France's euro-area inflation-linked government bond maturing in 2031.

A long-dated French government bond auction for the Green OAT maturing in June 2044, used by traders to gauge demand for French sovereign duration.

An auction of France’s euro-area inflation-linked government bond due in 2047.

A recurring French Treasury bill auction for short-term government funding with around six months to maturity.

A monthly INSEE survey-based gauge of business conditions across France’s main market sectors.

A monthly measure of changes in the volume of goods purchased by French households.

This measures the number of people registered with France Travail as jobseekers. It is a stock measure, not a count of new layoffs in a single month.

This calendar item tracks the monthly change in people claiming unemployment-related benefits or registered as benefit claimants in France. It is usually reported in thousands of people.

GDP growth measures the inflation-adjusted change in an economy’s output over a quarter or year.

A measure of the gap between Georgia’s merchandise exports and imports.

Georgia's HICP annual inflation rate measures the year-over-year change in a harmonised consumer-price index designed for international comparability.

Georgia Inflation Rate MoM tracks the monthly change in the consumer price index, showing short-term price momentum in the Georgian economy.

Georgia’s annual inflation rate measures the year-on-year change in consumer prices using the national consumer price index.

A quarterly measure of the share of Georgia’s labour force that is unemployed.

A monthly measure of the annual change in prices paid by German businesses for imported goods.

A regular auction of approximately 10-year German federal government bonds.

A German government auction of 10-year green Federal bonds, watched for euro-area rates signals and demand for green-labelled sovereign debt.

A German federal auction of roughly one-year Treasury discount paper, used by traders to gauge demand for short-dated German government debt and euro money-market conditions.

A German federal securities auction for two-year Schatz notes, a key benchmark for the front end of the euro-area yield curve.

A German federal short-term debt auction for Treasury discount paper with about three months remaining to maturity.

An auction of German Treasury discount paper with about five months left until maturity.

An auction of short-term German Treasury discount paper with about nine months remaining to maturity.

Germany Goods Exports MoM tracks the monthly change in German goods exports, giving traders a read on foreign demand for Europe's largest economy.

Germany Wholesale Prices MoM measures the monthly change in wholesale selling prices, giving traders an upstream view of inflation pressure before it reaches consumers.

Germany Wholesale Prices YoY tracks the annual change in wholesale selling prices and is used as a signal of pipeline inflation pressure in Europe’s largest economy.

A monthly German consumer-sentiment survey that provides an early read on household spending conditions.

A Global Dairy Trade auction index that summarises dairy commodity price movements and is closely watched by NZD traders.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country over a set period.

The Halifax House Price Index MoM is a monthly measure of changes in standardised UK house prices from the Halifax/Lloyds house price series.

The Halifax House Price Index year-over-year change tracks annual changes in UK house prices using Halifax/Lloyds mortgage approvals data.

The Hungary HALPIM Manufacturing PMI is a monthly purchasing-manager survey that tracks whether Hungarian manufacturing conditions are improving or deteriorating.

HICP annual inflation measures year-on-year consumer price changes using Europe’s comparable inflation index.

Hawkish describes a central bank stance that leans towards tighter policy: higher interest rates, reduced stimulus, and a strong focus on controlling inflation even at some cost to growth. Hawkish language in a statement, minutes or speech usually strengthens the currency, because higher expected rates make holding that currency more attractive to investors.

A scheduled release with a strong record of moving markets sharply — for example inflation, employment data or an interest-rate decision.

When price stays at its new level after a move instead of drifting back — the sign that the move was accepted.

A monthly ABS indicator showing how Australian household spending changes from the previous month.

Australia Household Spending YoY tracks annual growth in household spending and offers a timely signal of consumer demand.

A Hungarian government auction of one-year discount Treasury bills, watched for short-term HUF funding conditions and demand for Hungarian sovereign debt.

This is an auction of short-term Hungarian government bills that mature in about three months. The bills are sold below face value, and the difference implies the yield investors earn.

An auction of Hungarian forint-denominated government bonds with an approximately three-year maturity, used to fund the state and reveal investor demand at the short-to-intermediate part of Hungary's yield curve.

A regular auction of HUF-denominated Hungarian government bonds with an approximately five-year maturity, used to gauge sovereign funding conditions and investor demand.

The MNB rate paid on eligible counterparties’ overnight deposits at Hungary’s central bank.

A monthly measure of Iceland’s goods exports minus goods imports, used to assess goods-trade momentum and external demand conditions.

Iceland Commerce Day is a public holiday that can affect local banking hours, settlement and liquidity in Icelandic markets.

Iceland's Consumer Price Index measures monthly changes in the prices households pay for a representative basket of goods and services.

Iceland's annual inflation rate measures the percentage change in the Consumer Price Index from the same month a year earlier.

The Central Bank of Iceland's Monetary Policy Committee announcement on policy interest rates and the policy assessment behind them.

A monthly survey-based indicator of how German businesses assess current conditions and the near-term outlook.

A monthly, forward-looking survey indicator of how German businesses expect conditions to develop over the coming six months.

A monthly survey-based measure of how German firms view their present business situation.

Chile’s IMACEC year-on-year rate is the annual change in the Central Bank of Chile’s monthly economic activity index, a timely proxy for GDP momentum.

India Bank Loan Growth YoY measures the annual growth rate of bank credit, giving traders a read on credit creation and domestic financial conditions.

India's Cash Reserve Ratio is the percentage of banks' net demand and time liabilities that must be maintained as cash reserves with the Reserve Bank of India.

A year-over-year measure of how quickly aggregate deposits in India’s banking system are growing.

A weekly RBI measure of India’s stock of official reserve assets.

India Manufacturing Production YoY shows how much manufacturing output changed compared with the same month a year earlier. It is a gauge of factory-sector momentum in India.

Indonesia’s year-over-year core inflation rate tracks the annual change in the core component of the consumer price index, offering a view of underlying price pressure beyond more volatile or administered items.

The Bank Indonesia rate paid on eligible banks' rupiah placements in the Deposit Facility.

The interest rate on Bank Indonesia's conventional standing lending facility for eligible banks.

An annual measure of how quickly outstanding bank credit in Indonesia is expanding or contracting.

A monthly year-over-year measure of Indonesian motorcycle sales or distribution, used as a sector-specific signal of consumer demand and credit-sensitive spending.

CPI measures the change in the price of a basket of goods and services bought by households, and it is the headline gauge of inflation. Core CPI strips out food and energy to show the underlying trend. Because central banks set interest rates to control inflation, a CPI surprise moves currencies quickly and is one of the highest-impact releases on the calendar.

A setup that has stopped meeting its own conditions, so it should no longer be traded.

IPC-Fipe Inflation MoM tracks monthly consumer price changes in São Paulo and is used as a timely local inflation gauge for Brazil.

Arbaeen is an Iranian public holiday observed according to the Islamic calendar, with market relevance mainly through closures, settlement timing and local liquidity conditions.

A quarterly measure of how much employees earn per week in Ireland and how that amount has changed over a year.

A monthly diffusion index within the ISM Manufacturing PMI report that tracks whether U.S. manufacturers are reporting improving or worsening employment conditions.

A survey-based gauge of whether new orders at U.S. manufacturers are increasing or decreasing compared with the prior month.

A monthly survey of U.S. manufacturing purchasing managers that indicates whether factory activity is expanding or contracting.

A monthly survey gauge showing whether U.S. manufacturers are broadly paying higher or lower input prices.

A monthly U.S. services-sector purchasing managers' index from the Institute for Supply Management, watched as a timely signal of business activity, demand, employment and price pressures.

A monthly measure of changes in the output of Israel's manufacturing industries.

This is an auction of short-maturity Italian government bonds. It shows the yield or price Italy pays to borrow for roughly two years.

An auction of six-month Italian Treasury bills that offers a snapshot of Italy's short-term government funding conditions and investor demand.

This is an auction of Italian government bonds around the 7-year part of the yield curve. It shows investor demand and the borrowing cost Italy faces at that maturity.

This is an auction of Italian government bonds whose principal is linked to euro-area inflation. It shows how much Italy raises from these inflation-protected bonds and at what market yield or price.

A monthly measure of the change in Italian industrial sales values.

A monthly measure of the year-on-year change in the value of sales made by Italian industrial enterprises.

The seasonally adjusted Ivey PMI is a monthly Canadian survey indicator showing whether purchasing activity is rising or falling compared with the previous month.

The Bank of Jamaica’s scheduled decision on its policy interest rate and monetary-policy stance.

A Ministry of Finance auction of 10-year Japanese government climate-transition bonds, with results that show the yield accepted and investor demand.

An auction of benchmark 10-year Japanese government bonds conducted by Japan’s Ministry of Finance, watched for signals about demand for long-term yen debt and Japanese yield levels.

This is an auction where Japan sells 2-year government bonds to investors. The result shows the price, yield and demand for newly issued short-maturity Japanese government debt.

A Ministry of Finance auction of five-year Japanese Government Bonds, watched for demand, clearing yield levels, and signals from the middle of Japan’s yield curve.

Japan Capacity Utilization tracks changes in manufacturers' use of available production capacity through METI's operating ratio index.

A composite indicator of current Japanese economic activity, published by the Cabinet Office.

This reports how the value of new construction orders received by major Japanese construction companies changed from the same month a year earlier. It gives a quick view of demand for building and infrastructure work.

A monthly Cabinet Office survey that summarizes how front-line economic observers assess current conditions in Japan.

A monthly Cabinet Office survey that tracks expectations for Japan’s near-term economic conditions among people who observe household, business, and employment activity closely.

A weekly Ministry of Finance measure of Japanese residents' net purchases or sales of foreign bonds, used to monitor outward portfolio flows and possible yen-flow pressure.

This indicator measures how the number of new homes started in Japan changed compared with the same month a year earlier. It helps show whether residential construction activity is expanding or slowing.

A monthly U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics measure of unfilled jobs that employers are actively seeking to fill.

JOLTS quits measure voluntary job separations in the United States and are watched as a gauge of worker confidence and labor-market tightness.

A measure of the annual change in prices received by Jordanian industrial producers.

Kadooment Day is a Barbados bank holiday linked to Crop Over and can affect local banking and market operations.

A monthly regional survey indicator of manufacturing conditions in the US Tenth Federal Reserve District.

A monthly survey indicator of manufacturing conditions in the Federal Reserve's Tenth District.

A balance-of-payments measure showing Kazakhstan’s net trade, income and transfer flows with the rest of the world.

A monthly measure of how consumer prices in Kazakhstan changed compared with the previous month.

Kazakhstan PPI YoY tracks the annual change in prices received by industrial producers and is used as an upstream inflation gauge.

A price area the market has clearly reacted to before, and is therefore likely to be watched again.

King Vajiralongkorn's Birthday is a Thai public and financial-institution holiday observed on July 28. Banks, government offices and some markets may close or operate with reduced activity.

A monthly measure of the gap between Kosovo’s merchandise exports and imports.

A quarterly measure of changes in prices received by Kosovo’s industrial producers.

Kuwait M2 Money Supply YoY measures how much broad money in Kuwait has changed compared with a year earlier. It captures money readily available in the economy, including narrow money and quasi-money.

Kuwait Private Bank Lending YoY tracks how much lending to the private sector has grown compared with a year earlier. It is a credit-growth indicator for households and businesses in Kuwait.

This is the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic's decision on its main policy interest rate. The rate influences short-term borrowing costs and the stance of monetary policy in Kyrgyzstan.

Indicators that confirm a move after it is already underway.

Indicators that attempt to signal a move before it happens.

An annual measure of the change in Lebanon's Consumer Price Index.

Leverage allows a trader to control a larger forex position with a smaller amount of deposited capital.

Liquidity describes how easily you can buy or sell without moving the price. Deep liquidity means tight spreads, reliable fills and orderly movement. Thin liquidity means wider spreads, slippage and sudden jumps. Liquidity varies through the day, peaking when London and New York overlap and thinning during the late Asian session, holidays and the minutes around major releases.

Lithuania Industrial Production MoM shows how industrial output changed from the previous month. It is a short-term signal of activity in factories, mining, utilities, and related industrial sectors.

A monthly U.S. survey of logistics activity that tracks supply-chain, transportation, warehousing, and inventory conditions.

A monthly ECB measure of the annual growth rate of bank lending to euro-area households.

The European trading session, roughly 08:00–16:30 UK time, and the busiest part of the day for most FX pairs.

Belgium's auction of longer-maturity Treasury Certificates, typically used to assess demand and yields for short-term Belgian government bills.

Macau's monthly measure of changes in consumer prices paid by households.

A quarterly measure of how Macau's real economic output compares with the same period a year earlier.

Macau's Consumer Price Index measures changes in the prices households pay for goods and services. The year-on-year rate compares the Composite CPI with the same month one year earlier.

A quarterly measure of the year-on-year change in the value of goods sold by retailers in Macau.

A monthly measure of how the number of visitors entering Macao has changed from a year earlier.

An annual measure of changes in household consumer prices in Malawi.

A monthly composite indicator that tracks the current state of Malaysia’s economy.

A monthly composite indicator intended to show the likely direction of Malaysia’s economy in the months ahead.

Malaysia PPI YoY shows how producer-level prices changed compared with the same month a year earlier. It is an early measure of price pressure before goods reach consumers.

Your prepared lean on direction for a pair before the session begins.

The current behaviour of the market — trending, ranging, quiet or volatile — that decides which strategies can work.

A market gap is a jump between one traded price and the next, leaving no prices quoted in between.

The pattern of highs and lows that shows whether a market is trending, ranging or turning.

The MAS 36-Week Bill Auction is a Singapore-dollar money-market auction that helps investors gauge short-term funding conditions and demand for MAS bills.

The largest peak-to-trough fall in account balance over a period.

A weekly Mortgage Bankers Association measure of the average contract rate on U.S. 30-year fixed-rate mortgages.

A weekly indicator of U.S. mortgage application volumes, covering home-purchase and refinancing demand.

A weekly measure of U.S. mortgage application volume from the Mortgage Bankers Association.

A weekly indicator of U.S. mortgage refinance application activity compiled by the Mortgage Bankers Association.

A weekly indicator of U.S. mortgage applications for home purchases.

Mean reversion is the tendency for price to move back towards its average after making an unusually large move away from it.

Trading a fixed rule set where every decision is defined in advance.

A scheduled release that can move markets noticeably, but rarely resets the day on its own.

Mexico Auto Exports YoY tracks the annual change in the number of light vehicles exported from Mexico, offering a timely read on manufacturing and external demand.

A monthly, broad measure of Mexico's economic activity that is closely watched as an early guide to GDP momentum.

Mexico’s fiscal balance tracks the public sector’s budget position, indicating whether revenues exceed spending or whether the government is running a deficit.

A monthly INEGI indicator that tracks broad short-term changes in Mexico’s real economic activity.

A fortnightly reading of underlying consumer-price inflation in Mexico.

A first-half-month measure of annual underlying consumer-price inflation in Mexico.

An early fortnightly measure of annual consumer-price inflation in Mexico.

An early measure of changes in Mexican consumer prices over the first half of a month.

A monthly survey measure of how US consumers view their own financial prospects and the broader economy ahead.

A monthly U.S. household survey that tracks consumers’ views of their finances, the economy and buying conditions.

A monthly survey index showing how U.S. consumers assess their present financial situation and current buying conditions.

A monthly survey measure of the inflation rate U.S. households expect over the next year.

Moldova Inflation Rate MoM measures the monthly change in consumer prices using the Consumer Price Index.

Moldova's year-over-year inflation rate tracks the annual change in household consumer prices using the Consumer Price Index.

Momentum describes how strongly price is moving in one direction. Strong momentum suggests buyers or sellers remain firmly in control and that a move is likely to continue. Weakening momentum, where each push travels a shorter distance than the last, often warns that a slowdown, pause or reversal is approaching even while price is still rising or falling.

Mongolia's year-over-year inflation rate tracks the annual change in national consumer prices using the Consumer Price Index.

A Moroccan national public holiday on 30 July marking King Mohammed VI's accession to the throne.

An annual Moroccan public holiday observed on 21 August.

A moving average smooths price into a single line by averaging recent closes, making the underlying direction easier to see. Simple and exponential versions are the most common, with the exponential type reacting faster to new prices. Traders use moving averages to define trend, to locate dynamic support and resistance, and to time pullback entries.

A quarterly measure of how Mozambique’s total economic output changed from the same period a year earlier.

Using several pieces of information together rather than relying on a single number, event, or signal.

A monthly Australian business-sentiment indicator from NAB's Monthly Business Survey, reported as a net balance of firms' views.

A monthly gauge of U.S. homebuilder confidence in the newly built single-family housing market.

A monthly U.S. measure of sales of newly built single-family homes.

A monthly U.S. housing indicator covering sales of newly built single-family homes.

The US trading session, roughly 13:00–21:00 UK time, containing most major US data releases.

This is an auction of short-term New Zealand government debt that matures in about one year. The auction yield shows how much investors require to lend to the New Zealand Crown for that maturity.

This is an auction of short-term New Zealand government debt that matures in about three months. Investors bid for the bills, and the resulting yield shows the price the government pays to borrow over that short period.

This is an auction where New Zealand sells short-term Treasury bills with an around six-month maturity. The result shows the yield investors accepted and how much demand there was for the bill issue.

A monthly indicator of credit and charge card billings, with the year-on-year figure showing the change from the same month a year earlier.

A quarterly measure of how New Zealand employment changes from one quarter to the next, published as part of Stats NZ labour market statistics.

The New Zealand Labour Cost Index is a quarterly wage-inflation indicator from Stats NZ that tracks changes in salary and wage rates for a fixed quantity and quality of labour.

News trading is market activity based on the expected or actual impact of economic, political or financial news.

A quarterly measure of how Nigeria's real economic output compares with the same quarter a year earlier.

Non-Farm Payrolls reports the change in US employment excluding farm workers, published on the first Friday of most months. It arrives alongside the unemployment rate and average hourly earnings, and is the single most watched labour release in the world. Surprises move the US dollar, gold and equity indices sharply within seconds of publication.

The Norges Bank Interest Rate Decision announces whether Norway’s central bank has changed or held its policy rate.

This event reports the National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia's decision on its key monetary policy rate. The decision affects borrowing conditions in Macedonian denar markets and signals the central bank's view on inflation and financial stability.

This measures how producer prices in North Macedonia have changed compared with the same month a year earlier. It shows price pressure faced by producers before goods and services reach consumers.

An auction of Norway's government bond maturing in May 2039, managed through Norges Bank's government debt operations.

A quarterly measure of growth in Norway's mainland economy, expressed as the change from the previous quarter.

A monthly New York Fed survey that tracks manufacturing conditions in New York State, with the headline general business conditions index used as an early signal of U.S. factory-sector momentum.

Tuning rules so tightly to past data that they describe history instead of the market.

Peru Independence Day is a national holiday marking the proclamation of Peru’s independence. Economic calendars list it because banks, public offices and some local-market activity may be closed or operate on holiday schedules.

A monthly survey of manufacturing conditions in the Philadelphia Federal Reserve District, widely known as the Philly Fed Index.

Philippines Balance of Trade shows the difference between the value of goods the country exports and the value of goods it imports. A positive number is a trade surplus, while a negative number is a trade deficit.

A monthly BSP indicator tracking money sent home by overseas Filipinos through banks and other formal banking channels.

Philippines Exports YoY measures how the value of goods exported by the Philippines changed compared with the same month a year earlier. It is usually shown as a percentage increase or decrease.

Monthly PSA data showing the annual change in the value of Philippine goods bought from abroad.

Philippines Imports YoY shows how the value of goods imported into the Philippines changed compared with the same month a year earlier. It helps show whether demand for foreign goods, fuel, electronics, capital equipment, and other imports is rising or falling.

Philippines PPI YoY measures how prices charged by domestic manufacturers changed compared with the same month a year earlier. It is an early gauge of price pressure before goods reach consumers.

Position sizing is the process of determining how much of a currency pair a trader holds in a trade.

Whether the market is willing to keep trading at a new price — it accepts the level and holds there, or it rejects it and returns.

A specific price on the chart used as a reference point for decisions.

Shows how much lending by banks to private businesses and households has changed compared with one year earlier.

A monthly survey indicator that tracks whether Swiss manufacturing business conditions are expanding or contracting.

PPI measures the change in prices that producers receive for their output, so it captures inflation earlier in the supply chain than CPI. Rising producer costs often feed through to consumer prices later, which is why traders treat PPI as a leading inflation signal. It moves markets less than CPI, but a large surprise still shifts interest-rate expectations.

Total gross profit divided by total gross loss.

A pullback is a temporary move against the prevailing trend before it resumes. It gives trend traders a lower-risk entry than chasing an extended move, because the stop can sit behind nearby structure. The judgement is always the same: is this a pause within a healthy trend, or the start of a genuine reversal?

The upper or lower boundary of a trading range — where price has repeatedly turned back.

Range-bound describes a market in which price moves between a recognisable upper boundary and lower boundary without establishing a sustained directional trend. Buyers tend to appear near the lower part of the range, while sellers tend to appear near the upper part.

A market rotating between a fairly consistent high and low with no sustained direction.

A public address or discussion by RBA Deputy Governor Andrew Hauser that may provide context on Australia’s economy, financial conditions and monetary policy.

This event is a public speech by Michele Bullock, Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia. Traders follow it for clues about the RBA's view on inflation, growth, employment and interest rates.

Australia’s central-bank policy announcement setting or maintaining the cash rate target, a key driver of Australian interest-rate expectations and AUD market pricing.

A scheduled Reserve Bank of Australia public appearance by Christopher Kent, watched for signals about financial conditions, market operations and monetary policy context.

A detailed record of the Reserve Bank of Australia's monetary-policy discussion and the reasoning behind its decision.

The RBA press conference is the Governor’s post-meeting briefing explaining the Reserve Bank of Australia’s policy decision and economic assessment.

The Reserve Bank of India’s Monetary Policy Committee decision on the policy repo rate and monetary-policy stance.

Price reaching a level and being pushed straight back, usually leaving a long wick behind.

A candle with a long wick and a small body, showing price was pushed into an area and then forced straight back out.

Resistance is a price area where selling pressure has previously been strong enough to stop a rise. When price returns there, sellers often reappear, so the advance stalls or reverses. Like support, resistance is a zone rather than a precise line, and repeated tests attract attention from traders on both sides until the level either holds firmly or gives way.

Retail sales measure consumer spending on goods sold by retailers over a stated period.

When price returns to a level it has just broken, to see whether that level now holds from the other side.

A change of direction where the existing trend structure breaks and the opposite side takes control.

The Richmond Fed Manufacturing Index is a monthly gauge of factory activity in the Fifth Federal Reserve District. It summarizes whether surveyed manufacturers report improving or worsening conditions compared with the prior month.

The Richmond Fed Manufacturing Shipments Index tracks whether manufacturers in the Fifth District are shipping more or less than in the previous month. It is one component of the Richmond Fed manufacturing survey.

The Richmond Fed Services Revenues Index tracks whether service-sector firms in the Fifth District report higher or lower revenues than in the previous month. It is a monthly survey-based measure of regional non-manufacturing activity.

A post-decision briefing in which Sweden's central bank explains its monetary policy message.

The Riksbank’s policy-rate decision is a key Swedish monetary-policy event for SEK and local interest-rate markets.

Risk sentiment describes the market's overall appetite for risk. In risk-on conditions investors buy growth-sensitive assets such as equities, the Australian dollar and emerging-market currencies. In risk-off conditions they retreat to perceived safety: the US dollar, the Japanese yen, the Swiss franc, gold and government bonds. Sentiment often drives currencies more than the day's scheduled data does.

A period to avoid — usually around a high-impact release or a thin-liquidity handover — where normal behaviour breaks down.

A plan where the loss on every trade, and for the day as a whole, is decided before the market opens.

The comparison of what you stand to lose against what you stand to gain on a trade, calculated before entry.

Romania’s Balance of Trade in Goods measures goods exports minus goods imports and indicates whether goods trade is in surplus or deficit.

The National Bank of Romania’s monetary-policy decision sets the main policy rate for the Romanian leu economy and can influence money-market rates, bond yields and exchange-rate expectations.

Rwanda Inflation Rate MoM tracks the monthly change in the national Consumer Price Index and gives markets an early read on short-term price pressure in the Rwandan economy.

Rwanda’s CPI annual inflation rate shows how much the overall consumer price basket has changed from the same month a year earlier.

The National Bank of Rwanda's Monetary Policy Committee decision on the Central Bank Rate.

The S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Index tracks changes in U.S. home prices. It is widely followed as a measure of whether residential real estate prices are rising or falling nationally and in major cities.

A monthly measure of the value of merchandise goods entering Saudi Arabia from abroad.

A monthly measure of the value of goods Saudi Arabia sells to the rest of the world.

A business-survey measure of whether firms expect to raise or lower their selling prices in the months ahead.

A Bank of Canada survey of business-lending practices at major Canadian financial institutions.

The highest and lowest prices reached during a trading session — the two levels most traders are watching next.

A signal says something may be happening; confirmation shows that it did.

An auction result for six-month Singapore government Treasury bills.

The MAS 12-Week Bill Auction reports the auction outcome for short-term Singapore dollar bills issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. It shows market demand and yield levels for the 12-week tenor.

The MAS 4-Week Bill Auction reports the auction outcome for very short-term Singapore dollar bills issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. It gives a snapshot of demand and yield levels for the 4-week tenor.

A government sells short-term debt that matures in approximately six months.

Slippage is the difference between the expected price of an order and the price at which it is executed.

A short-term South African government debt auction for 182-day Treasury bills, watched for yield, demand and money-market conditions.

This is the monthly change in South Africa’s composite leading business cycle indicator. It combines forward-looking signals that tend to move before the broader economy changes direction.

An annual South African public holiday commemorating the 9 August 1956 women’s march against pass laws, relevant to traders mainly because of local market, banking and settlement schedules.

This is an auction of South African government fixed-rate bonds that mature in 2038. The reported result is commonly watched through the clearing yield and the strength of investor demand.

This is an auction of South African government fixed-rate bonds that mature in 2040. The calendar figure usually highlights the yield at which the Treasury was able to sell the bond.

The South Africa R2042 auction is a National Treasury sale of a long-dated rand fixed-rate government bond maturing in 2042.

A South African government bond auction for the R2044 fixed-rate bond, used to gauge long-end rand bond demand and sovereign funding conditions.

This is South Africa’s regular auction of rand-denominated government bonds. It shows how much debt is sold and the yields investors require to lend to the government.

A Korean government bond auction for 10-year Korea Treasury Bonds, watched for signals on long-term interest rates, sovereign-debt demand and KRW market conditions.

A primary-market auction of two-year Korea Treasury Bonds, watched for won-rate expectations and demand for Korean government debt.

A Korean government bond auction for three-year KTBs, a key maturity for won interest-rate markets.

This is an auction where South Korea sells 30-year government bonds to investors. The result shows the yield paid by the government and how much demand there was for the bonds.

A sale of 50-year Korea Treasury Bonds that gives traders a read on demand for ultra-long Korean government debt and the long end of the KRW yield curve.

A Spanish Treasury auction of 10-year government bonds, watched for sovereign funding costs, investor demand and euro-area bond-market sentiment.

A Spanish Treasury auction of 12-month bills, used to assess short-term sovereign funding conditions and demand for euro-denominated Spanish debt.

An auction of medium-term Spanish government bonds issued by the Treasury, watched for sovereign funding conditions and demand for Spanish debt.

A Spanish Treasury auction of a roughly seven-year government bond, watched for sovereign-debt demand, auction yield, and euro-area rates sentiment.

A scheduled Spanish Treasury auction of coupon-bearing medium- and long-term government debt.

A monthly change in the number of people registered as unemployed at Spain’s public employment offices.

This is Spain’s unemployment rate from the quarterly Labour Force Survey. It shows the share of the labour force that is unemployed during the survey period.

The spread is the difference between a currency pair’s bid price and ask price.

A pre-set order that closes a position once price proves the idea wrong, capping the loss.

Adjusting a strategy on the basis of measured results rather than opinion.

Support is a price area where buying interest has previously been strong enough to stop a fall. As price returns to that area, buyers often step in again, so the market pauses, bounces, or at least slows. Support is a zone rather than an exact line, and the more times it has held, the more traders watch it — until it eventually breaks.

A move that keeps going over time rather than reversing within minutes — the kind a trade can actually be held through.

An auction of Sweden's inflation-linked government bond maturing in 2036.

Sweden’s Balance of Trade shows the value of exports minus imports of goods. A positive number is a trade surplus, while a negative number is a trade deficit.

A monthly indicator of how Swedish construction-sector production has changed from the same month a year earlier.

Sweden Industrial New Orders tracks changes in new orders received by industrial firms and is used as an early gauge of factory demand.

A pre-set order that closes a position at a chosen objective, taking the gain automatically.

This indicator measures how Thailand's industrial output changed compared with the same month a year earlier. It gives a quick view of whether factories and industrial sectors are producing more or less than before.

A monthly ECB measure of the annual growth in credit extended to euro area residents.

A chart clear enough to trade from: obvious highs and lows, a level worth watching and a stop loss with somewhere logical to sit.

A condition that removes otherwise valid trades to improve the average quality of the ones you take.

Everything you do to a trade after it is open — moving the stop, taking part of the position off, or closing early.

The full set of conditions that has to be present before a trade is even considered.

A period of the day when conditions typically support trading — reasonable liquidity, no major release imminent.

A repeatable reason to expect your trades to make money over a large sample.

A trading plan is a written framework that defines how a trader approaches markets, manages risk and reviews decisions.

A period where price moves sideways between a fairly consistent high and low rather than trending.

The written instructions that decide what you trade, how much you risk and when you stop.

A block of the trading day defined by which financial centres are active, and therefore how much liquidity is available.

A sustained directional move, defined by higher highs and higher lows, or lower highs and lower lows.

A market making a series of higher highs and higher lows, or lower highs and lower lows, in one clear direction.

The specific candle whose close activates an entry.

Turkey Auto Sales YoY tracks the annual percentage change in domestic automotive sales and is used as a timely gauge of vehicle-sector demand.

A monthly measure of how fully Türkiye’s manufacturing industry is using its available production capacity.

A Treasury auction that sets the market yield and price for newly issued two-year U.S. government notes.

A U.S. Treasury auction of long-term government bonds, watched for demand for duration and its impact on Treasury yields and broader financial conditions.

A weekly benchmark for the average rate on U.S. 30-year fixed-rate mortgages, published by Freddie Mac through its Primary Mortgage Market Survey.

This event reports the results of a U.S. Treasury auction for very short-term government bills that mature in about six weeks. The most watched figure is usually the auction yield or rate at which the bills were sold.

This event reports the results of a U.S. Treasury auction for government notes with a seven-year maturity. The headline figure on calendars is usually the yield awarded at the auction.

ADP Weekly Employment Change is a high-frequency estimate of U.S. private-sector job growth. It gives an early read on whether private employers are adding or cutting jobs.

The U.S. Advance Goods Trade Balance shows the difference between the value of goods the United States exports and imports for a month. A negative number means the country imported more goods than it exported.

This measures the monthly change in the value of inventories held by U.S. retailers, excluding motor vehicle and parts dealers. It helps show whether retailers are building or drawing down stock outside the volatile auto sector.

U.S. Average Weekly Hours tracks the average workweek for employees on private nonfarm payrolls and is released with the monthly Employment Situation report.

U.S. Business Inventories tracks the value of goods held by manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers, providing a broad view of stock levels across the business sector.

The U.S. Consumer Price Index tracks changes in prices paid by urban consumers and is a major gauge of U.S. inflation pressure.

A quarterly U.S. measure of profits earned by corporations from current production.

A monthly measure of changes in U.S. orders for long-lasting manufactured goods, excluding defense-related orders.

A monthly Census Bureau measure of new orders received by U.S. manufacturers for long-lasting goods.

The U.S. Export Price Index month-over-month change tracks monthly movements in prices for U.S. exports and helps traders assess traded-goods inflation pressure.

A monthly Census Bureau measure of changes in new orders placed with U.S. manufacturers.

A broad measure of price changes for goods and services produced in the United States.

U.S. Housing Starts MoM measures the monthly change in new residential construction activity, usually using the seasonally adjusted annual rate of privately owned housing units started.

The U.S. Import Price Index MoM tracks the monthly change in prices paid for imports into the United States and is watched as an early signal of imported inflation pressure.

Initial Jobless Claims track new weekly applications for U.S. unemployment insurance and are used as a fast-moving gauge of layoffs and labor-market stress.

The four-week average of U.S. initial jobless claims smooths weekly unemployment-insurance filings to show the underlying trend in layoffs.

This is the Federal Reserve's monthly update on the amount of money in the U.S. economy. It focuses on measures such as M1 and M2, which include cash, checking deposits and other liquid deposits.

The U.S. Monthly Treasury Statement reports federal receipts, outlays and the monthly budget surplus or deficit.

U.S. Net Long-Term TIC Flows measure net cross-border transactions in long-term securities between U.S. and foreign residents, offering a window into portfolio capital flows and demand for U.S. assets.

U.S. nonfarm business labor productivity tracks quarterly changes in output per hour worked, a key measure of economic efficiency.

U.S. Pending Home Sales tracks signed contracts to buy previously owned homes and is watched as a leading indicator for future existing-home sales.

U.S. Pending Home Sales YoY tracks the annual change in signed contracts to buy existing homes, offering a forward-looking view of housing demand before sales are completed.

A monthly Bureau of Economic Analysis measure of the change in income received by U.S. households and nonprofit institutions serving households.

A monthly measure of changes in U.S. consumer spending, based on personal consumption expenditures (PCE).

U.S. Private Nonfarm Payrolls tracks monthly changes in payroll jobs at private nonfarm businesses and is released within the BLS Employment Situation report.

Redbook YoY is a weekly gauge of U.S. retail sales growth compared with the same period a year earlier. It is produced by Redbook Research and focuses on same-store sales trends at large retailers.

A monthly measure of the change in a narrower, GDP-relevant slice of U.S. retail sales, excluding several volatile or separately treated categories.

A monthly U.S. Census Bureau indicator tracking retail and food-service sales growth excluding motor vehicle and parts dealers.

A monthly measure of U.S. retail and food-service sales that excludes gasoline stations and motor vehicle and parts dealers, used to assess underlying consumer demand.

U-6 is the broadest BLS unemployment-style measure, adding marginally attached workers and people working part time for economic reasons to the officially unemployed.

U.S. nonfarm unit labor costs track labor compensation per unit of output and are a key gauge of wage-related cost pressure after accounting for productivity.

U.S. Wholesale Inventories MoM measures the monthly change in goods held in stock by merchant wholesalers. It shows whether wholesalers are building or drawing down inventories.

UK Average Weekly Earnings including bonuses tracks annual growth in total employee pay in Great Britain, averaged over a three-month period.

UK Business Investment QoQ tracks the quarterly change in business spending on non-financial assets and is a component of investment in the national accounts.

This refers to a UK government bond operation involving conventional gilts. Conventional gilts are nominal, fixed-income UK government bonds, unlike index-linked gilts whose cash flows are linked to inflation.

The UK GDP 3-Month Average is a rolling measure of real economic growth over the latest three months compared with the previous three months.

A monthly estimate of real UK economic output, used to track near-term growth momentum.

A measure of the UK’s goods exports minus goods imports with countries outside the European Union.

A monthly measure of the change in the quantity of retail goods bought in Great Britain, excluding automotive fuel.

A measure of changes in retail purchasing after petrol and diesel sales are removed.

A Treasury Gilt 2040 Tender is a sale of a UK government bond maturing in 2040. Investors bid for the gilt, and the result shows how much was sold and at what prices or yields.

Ukraine’s month-over-month inflation rate shows the latest monthly change in the Consumer Price Index for goods and services bought by households.

Ukraine’s year-over-year inflation rate shows the annual change in consumer prices measured by the Consumer Price Index.

A regular U.S. Treasury sale of 20-year bonds that offers a read on demand for long-dated government debt.

A monthly survey measure of US consumers’ longer-run inflation expectations.

A monthly measure of the share of Uruguay’s labour force that is unemployed and actively seeking work.

A monthly composite indicator intended to give an early view of potential turning points in the US business cycle.

A monthly measure of U.S. producer-price inflation excluding volatile components, used to assess pipeline inflation pressure.

The annual benchmark revision is BLS's comparison of US payroll estimates with more complete administrative employment records.

A retail-positioning snapshot for USD/JPY based on community outlook data.

Uzbekistan’s foreign exchange reserves measure the central bank’s stock of official reserve assets and other foreign-currency assets, an important gauge of external liquidity and currency resilience.

Volatility describes how much price moves over a given period. High volatility means larger, faster swings and wider ranges; low volatility means quiet, compressed trading. Volatility is not direction — a market can be highly volatile while going nowhere. It rises around major news, session opens and central-bank decisions, and it decides how far stops and targets need to sit.

A monthly Australian consumer-confidence indicator showing how household sentiment has changed from the previous month.

The thin line above or below a candle body showing a price that was reached but not held.

The percentage of your trades that finish in profit.

Zambia’s Consumer Price Index tracks changes in the prices households pay for goods and services; the monthly inflation reading compares the index with the previous month.

An annual measure of changes in the prices Zambian households pay for goods and services.

A Norwegian sovereign bond auction for the NOK-denominated NGB line maturing in June 2036.

A Treasury auction of Italian government bonds with around 10 years remaining to maturity.

An auction of short-term German Treasury discount paper with about 11 months remaining to maturity.

A regular French Treasury bill auction used to fund the state at the short end of the euro yield curve.

A weekly Freddie Mac measure of average U.S. 15-year fixed-rate mortgage borrowing costs.

A primary-market auction of short-dated Canadian federal government bonds, watched for demand, clearing yield and signals from the front end of the Canadian yield curve.

A Japanese Ministry of Finance sale of 20-year Japanese government bonds, watched as a gauge of demand for long-dated sovereign debt.

A scheduled sale of 20-year South Korean government bonds, watched for demand and long-term borrowing-cost signals.

An auction in which France sells a government bond scheduled to mature in 2029.

A Danish government bond auction in which the state issues a bond maturing in 2035 to raise funding from investors.

A sale of French government bonds maturing in 2036, issued by Agence France Trésor.

A Swedish government bond auction in which Riksgälden sells Swedish central-government debt maturing in 2036.

France sells short-term government debt that normally matures in approximately three months.

A Ministry of Finance auction of 30-year Japanese Government Bonds, watched for long-end JGB demand, funding costs, and signals from Japan’s yield curve.

A South Korean government bond auction for 30-year KTBs, watched for long-end won-rate demand and sovereign funding conditions.

A U.S. Treasury auction of 30-year inflation-protected securities that offers a snapshot of demand for long-term real-rate exposure.

A scheduled sale of roughly five-year Italian government bonds that offers a snapshot of sovereign borrowing costs and demand.

A scheduled competitive sale of five-year South Korean government bonds.

A Spanish Treasury bill auction that shows the yield and demand for six-month government funding.